Humma (onchocerciasis) is a disease caused by the parasite Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by the bites of blackflies (Simulium species). Adult worms live in subcutaneous nodules; females release millions of microfilariae (first-stage larvae, L1) and these larvae cause severe itching, disfiguring skin diseases, and long-term exposure leads to vision loss and irreversible blindness. Early childhood exposure to humma has also been associated with epilepsy. The mosquito that feeds on the microfilariae while sucking blood develops the larvae from L2 to the infectious L3 stage within 6-12 days and transmits them to another person with the next bite. Altro than 99% of the people requiring treatment live in 26 countries in Africa; the rest live in Brazil, Venezuela, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and Yemen. According to information provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 255.7 million people in need of preventive chemotherapy (PC) for humma in 2025; 180.3 million of them were treated, representing a global coverage of 70.5%. This is the highest number of people treated for humma in a single year. At the end of 2025, mass drug administration (MDA) was discontinued in 310 application units (IU) affected by active transmission, and 38 million people were living in areas where they had completed post-treatment surveillance (PTS) or were under it; most of them were in Nigeria (28.0 million), Uganda, Ethiopia, and Mali. In 2025, 1350 of the 1665 IU requiring treatment were provided by MDA, and 92.6% of them achieved effective coverage. Angola, Gabon, and Sudan did not implement MDA in 2025; the reason for Gabon was the risk of serious side effects in those co-infected with Loa loa. The report from Chad was not available at the time of publication.
Coverage was low in countries such as Cameroon (17.1%), Togo (21.9%) and Yemen (24.4%). The low coverage in Cameroon reflects the consequences of sudden changes in external financing: the MDA was planned at 123 IU with the support of external donors, but this support was suspended in January 2025 after the annual plans were approved. The government adopted a reduction plan, with national funds only being released in October 2025; this was too late to organize treatment before the end of the year, and the ivermectin shipment was delayed until funding uncertainty was resolved. The MDA could only be implemented at 21 IU, with support from other partners.
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